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Proefvertalingen ingeleverd: 2
Engels naar Afrikaans: Abstract: Fractured-Rock Aquifers General field: Wetenschappelijk Detailed field: Geologie
Brontekst - Engels Site characterisation aims to obtain fundamental data needed to describe the subsurface flow pathways and distribution of contaminants. The study describes the application of various geohydrological techniques as complimentary tools to characterise an LNAPL contaminated fractured-rock aquifer on the Beaufort West study area in South Africa. Field investigations were designed to define and determine the properties of the fracture preferential flow paths responsible for LNAPL transportation in a typical Karoo fractured–rock aquifer system. The research places emphasis on the integration of results to maximise the subsurface geological understanding in particular locations of fracture features chiefly responsible for facilitating LNAPL migration and distribution.
The core and percussion drilling explorations, cross-correlated with borehole geophysics, were valuable for geological subsurface investigations in particular locations of bedding fractures, which are often associated with high hydraulic conductive flow zones. Tracer and pump tests were conducted to determine hydraulic and mass transport parameters respectively. Hydraulically conductive bedding plane fracture flow zones were identified by integrating results from the core logs, geophysical and aquifer tests. The chemical characterisation of the study area was conducted by means of organic hydrocarbon, inorganic water analyses and volatile organic carbon measurements in the soil during air percussion drilling.
Based on the findings, the hydrogeological structure of the formation was conceptualised as a fractured sandstone aquifer, characterised by bedding plane fracture preferential flow paths at contact areas, with shale and mudstone formations. The study findings demonstrate the merit and value in the application of various geohydrological tools to complement one another for optimised site understanding. The findings and recommendations of the case study are not necessarily confined to LNAPL contaminated fractured-rock aquifers, but may also be applicable to other types of contaminants in fractured-rock aquifer formations. ]
Vertaling - Afrikaans Die doel van terreinkarakterisering is om fundamentele data te verkry wat benodig word om die ondergrondse vloeirigtings en verspreiding van besoedeling te beskryf. Die studie beskryf die toepassing van verskeie geohidrologiese tegnieke as komplimenterende middele vir die karakterisering van 'n LNAPL-besoedelde fraktuurklip akwifeer in die Beaufort-Wes studieterrein in Suid-Afrika. Veldondersoeke is ontwerp om die eienskappe van fraktuur voorkeur-vloeirigtings te definieer en bepaal. Hierdie vloeirigtings is verantwoordelik vir LNAPL vervoer in 'n tipiese Karoo fraktuurklip akwifeerstelsel. Die ondersoek plaas klem op die integrasie van resultate om die begrip van ondergrondse geologie te maksimeer, veral in terme van die ligging van frakture wat verantwoordelik is vir die migrase en verspreiding van LNAPL.
Kern- en slagboorgat ondersoeke is vergelyk met boorgat geofisika, en was waardevol in terme van ondergrondse geologiese ondersoeke, spesifiek met betrekking tot die ligging van stratifikasie frakture, wat dikwels geassossieer word met hoë hidroliese en massavervoer parameters. Hidrolies geleidende stratifikasievlak fraktuurvloeisones is identifiseer deur die integrasie van resultate vanaf die kernaantekeninge, geofisiese en akwifeer toetse. Die chemiese karakterisering van die studieterrein is voltooi deur middel van organiese hidrokoolstof, anorganiese water analise, en deur die meting van vlugtige organiese koolstof in die grond gedurende lugslagboorwerk.
Die bevindinge dui aan dat die hidrogeologiese struktuur van die formasie as 'n fraktuursandsteen akwifeer gekonseptualiseer is. Dit word gekenmerk deur stratifikasievlak fraktuur voorkeurvloeiroetes in kontakareas, met leiklip en modderklip formasies. Hiermee word die meriete en waarde van die bevindinge demonstreer in terme van die toepassing van verskeie geohidrologiese middels vir optimale terreinbegrip. Die bevindinge en aanbevelings van die sakestudie is nie noodwendig beperk tot LNAPL-besoedelde fraktuurklip akwifere nie; dit kan ook toepaslik gemaak word op ander tipes besoedeling in fraktuurklip akwifeer formasies.
Engels naar Afrikaans: The Nyamwezi General field: Sociale wetenschappen Detailed field: Antropologie
Brontekst - Engels The Nyamwezi (originally and also Wanyamwezi) are the second-largest of over 120 ethnic groups in Tanzania. They live in the northwest central area of the country, between Lake Victoria and Lake Rukwa. The term Nyamwezi is of Swahili origin, and translates as "people of the moon".
Historically, there have been five tribal groups, all referring to themselves as Wanyamwezi to outsiders: Kimbu, Konongo, Nyamwezi, Sukuma, and Sumbwa, who were never united. All groups normally merged have broadly similar cultures, although it is an oversimplification to view them as a single group. The Nyamwezi have close cultural ties with the Sukuma people. Their homeland is called Unyamwezi, and they speak the language Kinyamwezi, although many also speak Swahili or English.
It was only in the 19th century that the name could be found in literature; the term might include almost anyone from the western plateau. Travel taught them that others called them Nyamwezi, and almost all men accepted the name given to them by the coastal people indicating that the Nyamwezi came from the west. A century later, their land is still called "Greater Unyamwezi", about 35,000 square miles (91,000 km2) of rolling land at an elevation of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m).
Early history
According to oral tradition, the Nyamwezi are thought to have settled in west central Tanzania (their present location) some time in the 1600s. The earliest evidence comes from the Galahansa, and confirms their presence there in the late 1600s. They were once fisherman and nomadic farmers due to the poor soil quality of the area. Their travels made them professional traders, and by 1800 they were taking caravans to the coast to trade in Katanga copper, wax, salt, ivory, and slaves. Arabian and Indian slave and ivory traders reached the Nyamwezi by 1825. They also started to acquire guns, and establish regular armies, with intra-tribal wars and some conflicts with Arabs on the coast throughout the 19th century. They could be considered an acquisitive society, often accused of thinking of nothing but how to earn money.
The Nyamwezi had long been a settled agricultural and cattle-owning people, arriving on the western plateau in the 16th century, and originally living in a mosaic of small and independent chiefdoms slowly carved out by ruling dynasties which according to a Catholic missionary may have numbered over 150, each with its own councilors, elders, and court slaves. In the 19th century, they were already recognized as large slave-owners and were famous for their herds. While cattle were important they were not often part of normal life, their entire care often being left in the hands of professional herdsmen, the immigrant Tutsi.
Vertaling - Afrikaans Die Nyamwezi (ook die Wanyamwezi) is die tweede-grootste van meer as 120 etniese groepe in Tansanië. Hulle woon in die noordwes sentrale gedeelte van die land, tussen die Victoria en Rukwa mere. Die term Nyamwezi het sy oorsprong in Swahili, en beteken "mense van die maan".
Deur die geskiedenis was daar vyf stamgroepe, wat almal na hulself as die Wanyamwezi verwys het. Hierdie groepe sluit in die Kimbu, Konongo, Nyamwezi, Sukuma en Sumbwa, wat nooit verenig is nie. Alle groepe wat normaalweg saamgesmelt het, het eenderse kulture, ofskoon dit 'n vereenvoudiging is om hulle as a enkele groep te beskou. Die Nyamwezi het noue kulturele bande met die Sukuma stam. Hulle tuisland word Unyamwezi genoem, en hulle praat Kinyamwezi, ofskoon baie ook Swahili of Engels praat.
Dit was eers in die 19de eeu dat die naam in die literatuur begin verskyn het; die term kan dus amper enige iemand insluit wat van die westerse plato afkomstig is. Reistogte het dit duidelik gemaak dat ander na hulle verwys as Nyamwezi, en amper alle mans het die naam aanvaar, wat verwys na hulle afkoms uit die weste. 'n Eeu later word hulle land steeds die "Groot Unyamwezi" genoem, en beslaan omtrent 35,000 myl2 (91,000 km2) van 'n uitgestrekte landskap met 'n hoogte van omtrent 4,000 voet (1,200 m).
Vroeë geskienis
Volgens die mondelinge tradisie is daar geglo dat die Nyamwezi hulle gedurende die 1600s in westelike sentrale Tanzanië gevestig het. Die vroegste bewyse kom van die Galahansa, en bevestig hul teenwoordigheid gedurende die laat 1600s. As gevolg van die lae kwaliteit van die grond in the area, was hulle vissermanne en nomadiese boere. Hulle was ook professionele handelaars, en teen 1800 het hulle per karavaan Katanga koper, was, sout, ivoor, en slawe na die kus vervoer om handel te dryf. Arabiese en Indiese slawe- en ivoor handelaars het die Nyamwezi gedurende 1825 bereik. Hulle het ook begin om vuurwapens te bekom, wat dit vir hulle moontlik gemaak het om weermagte daar te stel. Gedurende die 19de eeu was daar verskeie stam-oorloë en konflikte met Arabiese stamme langs die kus. Hulle kan beskou word as 'n vergader-gemeenskap, wat dikwels daarvan beskuldig word dat hulle slegs kan dink aan hoe om meer geld bymekaar te maak.
Die Nyamwezi is vir 'n lang tyd al 'n gevestigde landbou- en beesboer volk, wat gedurende die 16de eeu op die westerse palto aangekom het. Oorspronklik het hulle in ‘n mosaïek van klein en onafhanklike stamhuise gewoon, wat stadig maar seker deur regerende dinasties uitgekerf is. Volgens 'n Katolieke sendeling was hierdie stamhuise moontlik meer as 150 in getal, elk met sy eie raadgewers, ouderlinge, en hofslawe. In die 19de eeu is die Nyamwezi reeds as groot slawe eienaars bekend, en was ook beroemd vir hulle vee. Terwyl beeste belangrik was, is hulle nie dikwels beskou as deel van die normale lewe nie. Die sorg van beeste is dikwels in die hande van professionele tropherders gelaat; die immigrante Tutsi.
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Jaren vertaalervaring: 32. Geregistreerd op ProZ.com: Sep 2009.
Cathi Bee has spent a lifetime in love with words. She has more than ten years of experience in professional translation and editing in English and Afrikaans.
Her other professional endeavors include freelance writing, research and working with ESL students. Cathi likes to write poetry and read scary stories in her free time.
Cathi Bee lives in South Africa with her husband, sons and pets.
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