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Translation glossary: Chemitry II

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Laerte da Silva
Laerte da Silva
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forceAn entity that when applied to a mass causes it to accelerate. Sir Isaac Newton\'s Second Law of mation states: the magnitude of a force = mass * acce 
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fossil fuelshydrocarbon compounds that have been formed from buried plant and animal remains. High pressures and temperatures lasting over millions of years are r 
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fractiona group of similar components of a mixture. Example: In the petroleum industry the light fractions of crude oil are those with the smallest molecules, 
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fractional distillationthe separation of the components of a liquid mixture by heating them to their boiling points. 
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fractionating columna glass column designed to allow different fractions to be separated when they boil. In industry, it may be called a fractionating tower. 
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free electronElectron which is not attached to a nucleus. 
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free energyThe energy of a system that is available to do work at constant temperature and pressure. 
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free radicala very reactive atom or group with a \'spare\' electron. Example: methyl, CH3•. 
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freezing pointthe temperature at which a substance undergoes a phase change from a liquid to a solid. It is the same temperature as the melting point. 
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frequencyNumber of events in a given unit of time. When describing a moving wave, means the number of peaks which would pass a stationary point in a given amou 
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fuela concentrated form of chemical energy. The main sources of fuels (called fossil fuels because they were formed by geological processes) are coal, cru 
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fuel rodsthe rods of uranium or other radioactive material used as a fuel in nuclear power stations. fume chamber or fume cupboard a special laboratory chamber 
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fumingan unstable liquid that gives off a gas. Very concentrated acid solutions are often fuming solutions. Example: fuming nitric acid. 
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galvanisingapplying a thin zinc coating to protect another metal. 
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gamma rayswaves of radiation produced as the nucleus of a radioactive element rearranges itself into a tighter cluster of protons and neutrons. Gamma rays carry 
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ganguethe unwanted material in an ore. 
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gas syringea glass syringe with a graduated cylinder designed to collect and measure small amounts of gases produced during an experiment. 
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gas/gaseous phasea form of matter in which the molecules form no definite shape and are free to move about to uniformly fill any vessel they are put in. A gas can easi 
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GaussianMathematical function shaped like the normal distribution, or bell curve. Used in approximating the wavefunction. 
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Gaussian 94Computational tool for ab initio and other calculations. Must be used in conjunction with a visualization tool to produce images, usually run on a hig 
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geiger counterInstrument that measures radiation output. 
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gelatinous precipitatea precipitate that has a jelly-like appearance. Example: iron(iii) hydroxide. Because a gelatinous precipitate is mostly water, it is of a similar den 
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Geometry (of a molecule)|GeometryDescription of bond lengths and angles. 
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Geometry OptimizationCalculation to find a stable (local energy minimum) configuration of a molecule. 
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glassa transparent silicate without any crystal growth. It has a glassy lustre and breaks with a curved fracture. Note that some minerals have all these fe 
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glucosethe most common of the natural sugars (C6H12O6). It occurs as the polymer known as cellulose, the fibre in plants. Starch is also a form of glucose. 
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Graham\'s lawThe rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. 
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granular precipitatea precipitate that has a grain-like appearance. Example: lead(ii) hydroxide. 
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gravimetric analysisa quantitative form of analysis in which the mass (weight) of the reactants and products is measured. 
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Greenhouse Effectan increase in the global air temperature as a result of heat released from burning fossil fuels being absorbed by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. 
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Greenhouse gasany of the various gases that contribute to the Greenhouse Effect. Example: carbon dioxide. 
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Ground stateWhen electrons are in lowest possible orbitals. 
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groupa vertical column in the Periodic Table. There are eight groups in the table. Their numbers correspond to the number of electrons in the outer shell o 
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GTOGaussian Type Orbital, an approximation of the wavefunction using gaussian curves. See also \"orbital\", \"wavefunction\", \"gaussian\" H 
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half lifeThe amount of time it takes for half an initial amount to disintegrate. 
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half-lifethe time it takes for the radiation coming from a sample of a radioactive element to decrease by half. 
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halidea salt of one of the halogens. 
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halogenone of a group of elements including chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine in Group 7 of the Periodic Table. 
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HamiltonianMathematical operator used in the Schroedinger Equation 
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HartreeAmount of electrostatic repulsion between two electrons held one Bohr radius apart. Often used as atomic unit of energy. 
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Hartree Fock approximationUsed to simplify Schroedinger\'s Equation. Breaks complex orbitals down into a series of one-electron orbitals. Also called self-consistent field (SCF 
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heatthe energy that is transferred when a substance is at a different temperature to that of its surroundings. 
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heat capacitythe ratio of the heat supplied to a substance, compared with the rise in temperature that is produced. 
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heat of combustionthe amount of heat given off by a mole of a substance during combustion. This heat is a property of the substance and is the same no matter what kind 
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Heat of FormationEnergy which would be required to form a molecule from dissociated atoms. If positive, the structure will not be formed spontaneously. Lower heats of 
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Heisenberg uncertainty principleThis principle states that it is not possible to know a particle\'s location and momentum precisely at any time. 
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HOMOHighest Occupied Molecular Orbital: Orbital with the most energy which contains an electron. 
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Hybrid orbitalAn orbital produced by a combination of differently shaped orbitals. Eg, s 
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hydratea solid compound in crystalline form that contains water molecules. Hydrates commonly form when a solution of a soluble salt is evaporated. The water 
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hydrationthe process of absorption of water by a substance. In some cases hydration makes the substance change colour; in many other cases there is no colour c 
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